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Kan aikupacho ovyv. Hacho upeg kuddicho somtol rakhpakhatir zata. Oprixtthounxi (invertibrates) pranneak kan nastat, punn thoddea kiddimni (insect) kaim vegveglleoo manddaulli astat, zancheurovim tankam hoventolo komp (vibration) zannouta ani kuddicho somtol rakhunkuy modot zata.
Kanache tin vantte spoxtt disun yetat: bhailo kan, kanachea podd'ddeapasun kanpott (hinna) meren. Bhitl'lo kan, zo kouttechea haddambhitor asta ani modlo kan, zo hea donanchyai modim asat. Bhailea kanachem kanpott ani ghol oxe don bhag astat. Kanpott hem kasthil (cartilagenous) asat. Ghol katin dhampil'li asot ani ti tannil'lea kanachea podd'ddeakodden (tymphanic membrane) sompta. Kanpottache khub toreche akar asatat ani pranneanche zatipromann te komi-chodd halunkuy xoktat. Monis aple apunn kanpott halounk xokna. Dadle toxeoch bailo kanpottachea voilea bhagachea, voklacho danddo dourunk upeg kortat. Kanpottache sokoile pallyecho upeg bailam dagine ghalpakhatir kortat.[1]
bhitl'lea kanant kornnaurt (cochlea) oni kornnogohon (labyrinth) asta. Kornnaurt ghunttalleachea akarachem (spiral shape) asat; tatunt ek drou ani khas prokarache xrounngrahi (hearing receptor) pottol (membrane) asat. Kornnogohonant ordchokronolli (semi circular canals), doॄti (utricle) ani loghukax (saccule) astat. Hatunt drou, barik barik fatrasaroke konn, toxench xrounngrahi pexa (hearing receptor cells) astat. Barik barik mojzatontu (nerves) kornnaurtaposun suru zatat ani kornnaurt mojzatontu fantto zata. Toxench kornnogohonaposun prodhann (vestibular) mojzatontu fantto zata. Hea donuy fantteanchea ekoutt zaun atthvo kouttecho mojzatontu toyar zata. Modlea kanant tin barik haddam astat ani ho kanacho bhag talleak yusttexiyon nollyen (eustachian tube) zoddil'lo asat. Haka lagun modlea konantolo ani hovamanacho dab sarkoch urta, toxench kosloch stravo (secretion) bi aslear vhamvpak modot zata. Haddanchim namvam hatoddi (malleus), oironn (incus) ani podika (stapes) oxim asat. Tanchi ek sankhlli asun ti kanacho podd'ddo ani kornnourt hanchemodim asta. Kuskuttayede snayu kanachea podd'ddeak ani haddank zoddil'le axil'lean, avazachi tiurota bhitl'lea kanameren paupak modot zata. Modlo kan, kornnobhum' gohrakur (mastoid atrum) zoddil'lo asta.
Avazaposun hovent lhamram toyar zatat ani bhailem kanpott tim ekouttaun kanacho podd'ddo foddfoddaita. Hem foddfoddaup haddanche sankhllentlean kornnaurtak pauta ani tatuntolem drou avazachea svorpodanche pott'ttepromann (pitch) khas xrounngrahi axil'lea pottlar poddtta; xrounngrahi pexa udipt (stimulate) zatat ani atthve kouttechea mojzatontuntlean mendvak pautokoch avazachi vollokh pott'ta. Tokli khoincheanuy tin kattkoni (perpendicular) tollancher ghumvlear kornnogrohonantolem ordochkrantolem drou halta ani doॄti ani loghukoxant axil'le barik barik fatrasaroke konn gurutvakrxonnapromann voir sokoil zatat ani grahi pexa (receptor cells) udipt zaun, prodhann mojzatontuntlean mendvak pavoun somtol haddttat. Kanache vikar :jea vikarank lagun bhedd'ddeponn yeta toxench somtol ibaddotta, tankam kanache vikar oxem mhonnttat. Bhailea ani modlea kanachea doxank lagun chodd-unnem bhedd'ddeponn yeta, tor bhitlea kanachea doxan bhedd'ddeponnabhair somtol ibaddun ghumvlluy yeunko xokta. Bhedd'ddeponn yeupachea karnnam
bhedd'ddeponn yeupachea karnnanchem vorgikoronn tin toramni kortat 1. Avazachim lharam vochpacho dox.
2. Mojzatontu somvedonacho dox (sensorineural defect).
3. Voile donuy dox vangddach zaup. Avazachim lharam vochpacho dox, bhailea kanantleo addkholli toxench modlea kanantlea doxank lagun zata. Konnakuy bhedd'ddeponn asot zalear tachem bhomvtonni axil'leank tem poilim zannouta. Bhailea kanant addkholl aslear toxench kanachea podd'ddeak dox aslear voizok rokhddench dista. Tebhair voiz ‘vebor’ (Weber) toxench ‘rine’ (Rinne) topasonni korun kanachea khoinchea bhagak dox asa, hem tharaita. Eddiomettricho (audiometry) sod lagil'lean khoim dox asa, hem sodun kaddpak tor sodhea khubuch modot zata. O bhailo kan katin dhampil'lo axil'lea karnnan, katiche soglle rog hanga zaunk xoktat ani avazachi lharam vochpak addkholl zaunk xokta. Dekhik - fodd (furuncle), putti (cyst) ani orbud (tumour). Hebhair kanant kanulo (cerumen) zaunuy avazachea lharank addkholl zamv yeta. Bhartant hangachea hovamanak lagun bhailea kanant fodd yeupachem promann chodd asa. Fodd yetkoch kan zodd ani bhoril'lo asa, oxem bhasta; magir to dukhunk lagta, toxenchokanopott haloilear dukh vaddtta. Thoddea disamni ghannearem drouy kanantlean vhamvonk lagta ani ken'naken'nai kanant khazuy sutt'ta.Haka upai mhollear, kanant axil'li ghann toxench olsann (moisture) kaddop ani zontu marpachem vokhod ghalop. Kanulo zalear sirinzan (syringe) udok marun va haiddrozon peroksaitt ghalun kan nivll korunk zai.
Bhailea kanant isob (eczema) zalear kanachea burakakodden tambsann yeta ani sali votat. Toxench khazuy sutt'ta ani thoddenthoddem udkasarokem drou vhamvta. ॲlorjil lagun choun zata ani je vostuposun ॲlorji zata, ticho vapor soddlear tem zaunk pauna. Bhailea kanache orbud chodd korun haddanche ani katiche astat. Tonchi xoxtrokria (operation) korun kanantoli addkholl kaddun uddoum yeta.
Kanacho podd'ddo futtlearui komi aikunk yeta. Ekdom' sfott zaun motto avaz zaup, sori-kaddi hankam lagun kan futtop toxench modlea kanachem dukhannem futtp, hea karnnank lagun podd'ddo futtlear apxinch boro zata punn ken'naken'nai sorzonakddlean xoxtrokria korun upai korche poddttat. Modlea kanant zontu gelear, modlea kanachem dukhannu (otitis media) zata. Hachem promann lhan bhurgeam'modim chodd asta. Talleantole zontu, yusttexio nollyentlean modlean modlea kanant votat ani pum toyar zata. Haka lagun kanachi foddafodd, komi aikunk yeup toxench zor yeup, osleo pidda uprasotat. Kanacho podd'ddo tott'tottun fugta, ekadroya vellar podd'ddo futt'ta, dukh unni zata ani kan vhamvok lagta. Vokhdam' ghetlear gunn yeta. Modlea kanachea dukhnneakodden chodd lokx divonk zai, karonn tatuntolo pum kornnomul gohrant vochunk xokta. Tosoch thoinchean mendvak paun oksma moronn yeunk xokta. Modlea kanantlea khor (acute) dukhanneakodden soglleanchench dukhikhatir lokx vota oni dekhun vokhod vellar gheup zata; dirghokallin (chronic) dukhanneakodden chodd korun lokx vochnaxil'lean kornnomul gohor ani mendvak dukhapot zaupachi khub xokyota asta. Toxench hem dukhannem bhitl'lea kanantuy paunk xokta.
Bhitl'lea kanant dox zaun ‘meniorocho rog’ (Meniere's disease) zata. Hatunt oksmat porot-porot ghumvll yeup, ghantti maril'lebhoxen avazacho bhas zaup ani bhedd'ddeponn yeup heo pidda zatat. Ghumvll nivllottokoch kuddicho somtol ibaddota ani donuy vottamni lokil'lebhoxen zata. Mhataroponnant xrounngrahi pexa dublleo (degenerate) zatat ani komi aikunk yeta, haka ‘presbaikusis’ (persbycusis) oxem mhonnttat. Hea duyemsant xrounnointr (hearing aid) layat zalear aikunk yeupant sudaronna zata.
Bhurgeank sarkem aikunk yeta kai na, tem lokx divn polloupak zai. Tankam komi promannant dox aslear xrounnointracho (hearing aid) vapor korpak zai, toxench chodd promannant dox aslear hatanchea kurvamni somzaupache khaxele xallent ghalunk zai. Xrounnointraporos borem oxem Automatic Signal Processor yontrui sod'da melltta.
Modlea kanant hadd vaddun aikupachem duyems, jem khas korun tornnantteank zata. Taka ‘ottosklerojhis’ (otosclerosis) mhonnttat. Ostontekaddlea dexant hem duyems zaupachem dadlea bailanche promann 1:2 oxem asta, punn bhartant hachem promann 2:1 oxem asa. Poilim hacher upai naxil'lo. Punn karl modlea kanant hadd vaddun aikupachem duyems, jem khas korun tornnantteank zata. Taka ‘ottosklerojhis’ (otosclerosis) mhonnttat. Ostontekaddlea dexant hem duyems zaupachem dadlea bailanche promann 1:2 oxem asta, punn bhartant hachem promann 2:1 oxem asa. Poilim hacher upai naxil'lo. Punn karl elof nailoten ani linvhenohok hamnni xstrokria korpacho sukxmodrxok (microscope) toyar kelo. 1921 to, nailen hea sorzonan brinel sukxmodrxok (Brinell microscope) vaprun soxeanchea kanantlean kornnogohonant lhanxem zonel kelem. 1923 vorsa holmogrin hea ‘zhais stterioskop maikroskop’ (Zeiss Stereoscopic Microscope) vaprun maykrosrzori (microsurgery) korpak survat keli. Poilim kornnogohonant zonelam kelim, tor atam kanachea sogllea bhagamni ‘maykrosrzori tontr’ (spedectomy technique) suru kelem. Sodhea khubxa dexant hem totr vaprotat ani haka lagun ‘ettosklerojhis’ zal'lea monxak aikunk yeta.
1960 vorsa vhon bekesi haka ‘aikupachem bhoutikoxastr’ (Physics of hearing) sodun kaddilean nobel inam' favo zalem. Tachea hea sodak lagun atam ek lhan ilekrttonik yontr toyar kelam, taka ‘kokleyor implantt’ (Cochlear Implant) oxem mhonnttat. Hem yontr mhollear monxan toyar kel'lo kritrim' kanuch zaun asa. Xostrokria korun he yontr ghalear, bhitl'lea kanancho dox axil'leank tea yontrak lagun aikunk yeta.